"[Kay] had been convinced that teaching kids to program at an early age would permanently shape their thought processes... Yet his experiments had led him to a contradictory conclusion... Programming did not teach people how to think. He realized that he new too many narrow minded programmers for that to be so, now that he considered the question in depth. The truth was the converse, every individual's ingrained way of thinking affected how he or she programmed."
"Kay had remained proccuppied with the lesson he had assimilated from Marshall McLuhan: 'Once human shape their tools, they turn around and reshape us'. that was fine if the tools were the right ones, but he was still unconvinced that SmallTalk fell into that category."
Dealers of Lightning: Xerox PARC and the Dawn of the Computer Age
Highly recommended read...